Photovoltaic Inverters: What They Are, What They Are Used for and How They Work

Photovoltaic Inverters: What They Are, What They Are Used for and How They Work

Photovoltaic systems are becoming increasingly popular due to their ability to transform solar energy into electricity, reducing energy costs and contributing to environmental sustainability . An essential component of these systems is the photovoltaic inverter, a device that plays a crucial role in converting the direct current (DC) produced by solar panels into alternating current (AC) that can be used in our homes and offices. In this guide, we will explore the various types of photovoltaic inverters, their features, how to choose the best one for your needs and practical advice for installation and maintenance.

Content index

What is a photovoltaic inverter and what is it for?

In the photovoltaic system, the inverter represents a fundamental component for achieving considerable energy savings and, in some cases, obtaining an almost complete degree of autonomy. This electronic device is responsible for playing a crucial role in energy conversion : changing the direct current, produced by the panels under the action of the sun's rays, into alternating current. The latter is the one used in our distribution network, operating at 230 volts and a frequency of 50 Hz.

The main function of the inverter, therefore, is to transform the current to make solar energy compatible with the domestic and industrial electrical system. In addition to this essential task, it contributes to optimizing the performance of the photovoltaic system and guarantees greater safety, protecting it from possible damage due to overvoltages.

  • Significant energy savings
  • Possibility of obtaining a high degree of autonomy
  • Indispensable conversion from direct current to alternating current
  • Optimization of system performance
  • Protection against overvoltage faults

How a Photovoltaic Inverter Works

The operation of a photovoltaic inverter is based on an energy conversion process. Solar panels generate direct current (DC) electricity that cannot be used directly in homes or commercial networks. The inverter works by converting this direct current into alternating current (AC), which is the type of electricity that can be used in our domestic and industrial devices. This process occurs through an electronic circuit called an H-bridge , which manipulates the DC/currents to create a sine wave that corresponds to the AC current. Furthermore, the inverter constantly monitors the voltage and frequency to ensure that the energy delivered is stable and safe.

When Using an Inverter

The use of an inverter is essential in any photovoltaic system, be it residential, commercial or industrial. Inverters are used whenever it is necessary to convert the direct current generated by solar panels into alternating current. They are necessary for homes with solar systems, for companies that want to reduce their energy costs by using solar energy and for off-grid installations in remote areas where a connection to the electricity grid is not available. Furthermore, inverters are used in storage systems to manage and use the energy stored in solar batteries.

Characteristics of a Photovoltaic Inverter

Photovoltaic inverters have various technical characteristics that make them essential for the operation of a solar system. One of the main characteristics is the conversion efficiency , which determines how much DC energy is transformed into usable AC energy. Other features include durability and sustainability , ensuring a long operational life, and compatibility with various types of solar panels and storage systems. Furthermore, modern inverters often come with monitoring functions , which allow you to control energy production in real time via apps or online platforms. Finally, ease of installation and maintenance is a crucial factor to ensure optimal performance.

How Much Power Should the Photovoltaic Inverter Have?

The power of the photovoltaic inverter is a crucial element in the design of an efficient and high-performance solar system. The nominal power of the inverter must be chosen based on the capacity of the photovoltaic field and the energy needs of the user. Generally, the inverter power should be aligned with the total power of the installed solar panels. For example, if you have a photovoltaic system with a total capacity of 5 kW, the inverter should also have a nominal power of around 5 kW.

However, there are some additional considerations to keep in mind:

  • Oversizing: In some cases, it may be advisable to oversize the inverter slightly, for example by 10-20%, to account for efficiency losses and variations in solar radiation conditions.
  • Undersizing: In other situations, an inverter that is slightly less powerful than the overall rated capacity of the panels may be sufficient, since rarely do all panels operate at maximum capacity simultaneously.
  • Grid Compatibility: If your system is connected to the electricity grid, it is essential that the inverter complies with the voltage and frequency specifications of the local grid. Three-phase inverters are generally best suited for large commercial or industrial systems, while single-phase inverters are sufficient for most residential homes.
  • Management of Production Peaks: An inverter with adequate power will be able to manage the production peaks of solar systems on the days of greatest radiation, avoiding the risk of energy loss.

Types of Photovoltaic Inverters

When it comes to choosing an inverter for your photovoltaic system, you come across different types, each with specific characteristics and suitable for different applications. Here is an analysis of the main types of photovoltaic inverters available on the market.

Single-phase photovoltaic inverter

Single-phase inverters are often used in residential homes and small systems. This type of inverter is ideal for contexts with relatively low energy consumption and offers adequate efficiency for normal daily needs. Their operation is simple and their installation is generally cheaper than three-phase inverters.

Three-phase photovoltaic inverter

Three-phase inverters are designed to handle higher energy loads and are commonly used in commercial and industrial settings. These devices are able to support large photovoltaic systems, ensuring a stable and reliable power supply. Furthermore, three-phase inverters offer superior efficiency and are perfect for situations where the energy produced must be distributed over a three-phase network.

Hybrid Photovoltaic Inverter

Hybrid inverters represent an innovative solution that combines the functions of a classic inverter with those of an energy storage system. These inverters can manage both the energy produced by solar panels and that stored in batteries, offering more flexible energy management. They are particularly useful in situations of variable energy demand, allowing the energy accumulated during peak hours or in the absence of solar radiation to be used.

Photovoltaic String Inverter

String inverters are connected to a series of solar panels (called a "string") and are ideal for medium-sized systems . This type of inverter is very popular thanks to its reliability and good value for money. However, it requires uniform solar radiation conditions, since shading a single panel can affect the performance of the entire string.

Photovoltaic Micro Inverter

The micro inverters are installed on each solar panel individually, allowing the energy production of each individual module to be optimized to the maximum. This solution is particularly advantageous in conditions of partial shading or different orientation of the panels. Micro inverters offer better control and monitoring of the system, increasing the overall efficiency of the photovoltaic system.

Off-Grid Photovoltaic Inverter

Off-grid inverters are used in systems not connected to the electricity grid and are ideal for applications in remote areas or for independent homes . These inverters manage the solar energy produced and store it in batteries, ensuring a continuous supply of energy even in the absence of solar radiation. They represent an excellent solution for those seeking energy independence and sustainability .

Choosing the right type of inverter is essential to optimize the efficiency and performance of your photovoltaic system, taking into account the specific energy needs and environmental conditions.

Guide to Choosing the Best Photovoltaic Inverter

Selecting a photovoltaic inverter that is right for your needs may seem complicated, but by following a few basic principles, you can make an informed choice. It is essential to understand that the decision must be made considering the specifics of your photovoltaic system and your needs.

Criteria for Choosing the Inverter

The first step in identifying the ideal inverter concerns the type of system: if the photovoltaic system is not connected to the electricity grid (stand alone system), the choice will mainly be between sine wave inverters and modified sine wave inverters. Generally, modified sine wave inverters are cheaper, while maintaining good performance.

Importance of Power

The power rating is decisive when choosing the inverter. An inverter must be evaluated mainly on the basis of three parameters: continuous power, peak power, and efficiency. Making sure that the inverter has adequate power proportionate to that of the system is crucial. This means that the power of the inverter must always be higher than the power consumed by the system.

Conclusion for an Informed Choice

Identifying the photovoltaic inverter best suited to your needs requires attention to the technical characteristics and performance of the device. It is essential that the inverter can guarantee not only adequate power in relation to your system but also high efficiency over time. By following these basic criteria, it will be possible to select the inverter that best meets your needs, ensuring optimal operation of the photovoltaic system.

Photovoltaic inverter: Choose the right model for every need

Photovoltaic inverter for domestic systems

When talking about photovoltaic inverters for domestic systems, it is essential to select the power of the inverter in line with that of the system. For example, for a 2.5 kW domestic system, it is recommended to install an inverter with a power between 2.5 and 3 kW. This ensures that the energy generated by the photovoltaic panels is adequately converted even in conditions of high energy production due to strong solar radiation. Choosing an undersized inverter could instead lead to inefficiencies in energy production and risk damage to the inverter itself.

Photovoltaic inverter for commercial system

In the commercial sector, where systems are generally rated at more than 10 kW, inverter selection becomes even more critical. If the system has a capacity of 10 kW, it is advisable to opt for an inverter with a power of 11 to 15 kW to avoid energy production problems and potential damage to the inverter mentioned above.

    Best Brands of Photovoltaic Inverters

    • Huawei Photovoltaic Inverters : Known for efficiency and reliability, Huawei inverters offer advanced energy management solutions.
    • SMA Photovoltaic Inverters: SMA is an industry leader, known for its high-quality products and innovative solutions for residential and commercial systems.
    • ABB Photovoltaic Inverters: ABB offers robust and high-performance inverters, ideal for industrial applications.
    • Solaredge Photovoltaic Inverters: Solaredge is famous for its power optimizing inverters, which maximize energy production even in less than ideal conditions.

    Photovoltaic Inverter with Storage

    Photovoltaic inverters with storage, also known as hybrid inverters , represent an advanced solution that allows you to combine solar energy generation with the possibility of storing excess electricity. These inverters can manage the energy produced by solar panels and together with storage batteries, optimizing the use of energy both during peak production and in moments of low solar irradiation.

    The main benefits include greater energy independence, reduced electricity bills and the ability to have an energy reserve available in the event of power outages. Inverters with storage are therefore ideal for those who want to maximize energy efficiency and guarantee continuity in the electricity supply .

    Advantages of a Photovoltaic Inverter with Storage

    • Advantages of an Inverter with Battery: inverters with storage allow you to store the energy produced in excess, making it available during the night hours or in periods of low solar radiation.
    • Energy Efficiency and Economic Savings: using stored energy can significantly reduce electricity bills and increase energy self-sufficiency.

    Final thoughts

    Photovoltaic inverters are essential for converting solar energy into usable energy. There are different types of inverters, each with specific applications and advantages. Choosing the right inverter, correct installation and regular maintenance guarantee maximum performance of the photovoltaic system.

    On Elettroclick, we offer a wide range of high-quality photovoltaic inverters , supported by excellent customer service. Whatever your energy needs, we have the ideal solution for you. Visit our website to find out more and find the perfect inverter for your photovoltaic system.

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